STUDY REFERENCES
TRANSDERMAL
Intravenously and Topically Applied Magnesium in the Prevention of Arterial Thrombosis (2000)
Transdermal Magnesium for the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathy in Chronic Kidney Disease (2023)
Preliminary Study of Transdermal Permation of Magnesium Cream Formulations Across Skin (2012)
Effect Of Topical Magnesium Application On Epidermal Integrity And Barrier Function (2015)
Effects of Magnesium Deficiency – More Than Skin Deep (2014)
Magnesium and Connective Tissue (2003)
A Critical Role for TRPM Channel-Kinase for Human Magnesium Transport (2005)
Structural Mechanism of TRPM7 Channel Regulation by Intracellular Magnesium (2022)
CARDIOVASCULAR / IMMUNE SYSTEM
The Role of Magnesium Deficiency in Cardiovascular and Intestinal Inflammation (2010)
Possible Roles Of Magnesium On The Immune System. (2003)
Magnesium Causes Nitric Oxide Independent Coronary Artery Vasodilation In Humans (2001)
Dietary Magnesium Intake And Risk Of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis Of Prospective Studies (2012)
Comparison of Mechanism and Functional Effects of Magnesium and Statin Pharmaceuticals (2004)
BONES
Scientific studies show, “Positive associations between greater intakes of dietary magnesium and grip strength, indices of skeletal muscle mass, and BMD in men and women in middle and older age groups.”
Dietary Magnesium May Be Protective for Aging of Bone and Skeletal Muscle in Middle and Younger Older Age Men and Women: Cross-Sectional Findings from the UK Biobank Cohort
These studies suggest that magnesium supplementation may help with strategies to prevent sarcopenia, frailty, falls, and fractures.
NOTE: Not recommended for sensitive skin types. If you have sensitive skin conditions please refer to the milder Magnesium Cream (Herbal)
MENTAL HEALTH
Magnesium Deficiency Induces Anxiety and HPA Axis Dysregulation (2012)
Dietary Magnesium Deficiency Alters Gut Microbiota And Leads To Depressive-Like Behaviour. (2015)
Magnesium in Major Depression (2009)
Magnesium Supplementation In Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (2016)
BOOK: If You Think You Don't Have PTSD, Think Again - by Dr Jamie Turndorf
MAGNESIUM BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRINKING WATER
STUDY: Intestinal Absorption and Factors Influencing Bioavailability of Magnesium – An Update (2017)
“Mg2+ is absorbed via a paracellular passive and a transcellular active pathway that involves TRPM6/7 channel proteins. The bioavailability of Mg2+ varies within a broad range, depending on the dose, the food matrix, and enhancing and inhibiting factors. Dietary factors impairing Mg2+ uptake include high doses of other minerals, partly fermentable fibres (e.g., hemicellulose), non-fermentable fibres (e.g., cellulose, lignin), phytate and oxalate, whereas proteins, medium-chain-triglycerides, and low- or indigestible carbohydrates (e.g., resistant starch, oligosaccharides, inulin, mannitol and lactulose) enhance Mg2+ uptake. The Mg2+ dose is a major factor controlling the amount of Mg2+ absorbed. In principle, the relative Mg2+ uptake is higher when the mineral is ingested in multiple low doses throughout the day compared to a single, large intake of Mg2+”
STUDY: Comparative study of magnesium salts bioavailability in rats fed a magnesium-deficient diet (2010)
“Mg chloride showed the highest efficiency among inorganic magnesium salts. “
STUDY: Bioavailability of US Commercial Magnesium Preparations (2001)
“The low fractional absorption we observed for magnesium oxide (4 percent) is identical to that observed in prior studies of magnesium sulphate bioavailability… Results indicated significantly higher… bioavailability of magnesium chloride.”
“Thus, one simple means of increasing Mg absorption and retention of a given daily intake of Mg is to divide the daily dose into smaller increments taken at equally spaced intervals throughout the day. In terms of supplementation, this may result either in a more rapid repletion of body pools when deficiency or sub-deficiency occurs, or in a better prevention of the appearance of a sub-deficiency. Using this consumption pattern, Mg-rich mineral water delivers Mg more efficiently to the body."
Magnesium bioavailability from mineral water. A study in adult men (2002)
“The fractional absorption rate is high at low Mg load and decreases exponentially with increasing carrier amounts. Several authors have outlined that higher bioavailability is observed when a given amount of Mg is distributed over a day rather than being consumed in a single bolus (Schuette et al, 1990; Fine et al, 1991; Lo¨nnerdal, 1995); consequently a regular water intake distributed throughout the day would be expected to lead to a higher absorption.”
“The results of serum and urine analysis indicated that Mg bioavailability was comparable for mineral waters with different mineralization levels, bread, and a dietary supplement. Specifically, Mg bioavailability was not influenced by the presence of SO4, HCO3,− or calcium. Thus, mineral water with higher concentrations of Mg constitutes a calorie-free Mg source that contributes to optimal Mg supply. [AND]…Multiple portions consumed throughout the day may increase Mg bioavailability.”
MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS
• Cramps / Restless Legs
• Skin Problems
• Constipation or Leaky Gut
• Chronic Fatigue
• Irritability / Headaches
• Inflammation / Pain
• PMT / Hormone Issues
• Anxiety / Depression
• Disturbed Sleep
• Metabolic Syndrome
• Insulin Resistance
• Heart Arrhythmia
• Hypertension / Heart Disease
• Stiff joints / Arthritis / Osteoporosis
• Auto Immune Disorders / Allergies
• Acidosis / Candida Overgrowth
WHY MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY & DEHYDRATION CAUSE CRAMPS & RESTLESS LEGS
When magnesium is lost excessively the cell membrane channels become compromised and 'looser' because the electrical charge drops. That means the cell wall is not as good anymore at holding in magnesium and potassium electrolytes. The membrane starts to lose integrity with the cell losing water, leading to excessive dehydration.
This loosening effect also allows in more calcium and sodium, which are larger molecules that over-stimulate, causing contraction without release.. There are athletes that have suffered cardiac arrest (heart muscle cramp) in the middle of a marathon when magnesium and water levels got critically low from exercise and perspiration.
MAGNESIUM for ENERGY and SPORT PERFORMANCE
What Causes Excessive Magnesium Loss?
Excessive stress, traumas, injury, sleep deprivation, dehydration, and high carbohydrate consumption (sugars and starches) cause excessive magnesium loss from cell stores, which means free calcium can start to dominate, and interfere with the balance and smooth running of the electrical nervous system, causing intermittent contraction without relaxation.
Be careful of commercial hydration drinks with low or no magnesium that have sugars added, as this is likely to make electrolyte imbalance worse. The metabolism of sugars is hungry for magnesium ions, and so uses up extra magnesium reserves. Approximately 26 to 56 magnesium ions are used to metabolise one sugar molecule, including sucrose and fructose.
Processed food diets are therefore the most likely to lead to magnesium deficiency, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and obesity. To make matters worse, processed foods are denatured and stripped of most of their magnesium, and industrial farming methods mean that the soils those crops are grown in are also magnesium deficient.
We can’t afford to waste magnesium, or to supply sub-optimal amounts, because it has the vital function of control of the cell membrane channels. Magnesium regulates calcium entry and exit from cells so that muscle fibres can squeeze with adrenaline triggering, but also relax when required by switching out the calcium with magnesium and its associated hydration.
Mitochondria in cells use magnesium to make ATP (adenosine triphosphate) bioelectrical energy, which fuels all organs and systems in the body. Low magnesium leads to cellular oxidative stress, premature ageing and degenerative diseases.
Relaxing Magnesium Massage to Alleviate Muscle Stress, Tightness, Cramps and Pain
Are You Getting Too Much Calcium?
Too much calcium and cardiovascular disease
Low magnesium over time eventually leads to excessive free calcium settling in the soft tissue and joints, or the endothelial lining of blood vessels, as in hypercalcaemia. In other words, the body gets stiffer and older faster. Not only that, but blood can become thicker and even prone to clotting, hypertension and cardiovascular problems.
These constrictions can also cause nerve signalling to become inhibited or intermittently blocked, with electrical conductivity becoming compromised. Cramping, muscle spasms or restless legs during sleep in the early hours of the morning is a classic symptom of these kinds of constrictions, as the body becomes more dehydrated at that time, and if magnesium is also too low, calcium becomes the dominant bully.
Calcium-channel blocking
Remember that magnesium is the best calcium-channel blocker - the natural controller of how the body uses calcium to its best advantage – ie. via helping the parathyroid and vitamin K to store calcium in the bones, and not depositing it in the soft tissues of the body where it can cause constriction.
The neurons of the brain (and heart) also require a lot of magnesium because of the high electrical activity. Calcium gets shot into the synapse for firing (action potential), but then you can’t keep overstimulating without a relaxation cycle, or you risk damaging the cells. We need magnesium (and water) for this recovery part of the cycle.
To help the body release this pressure and return to normal hydration you can drink more magnesium water in a natural spring water concentration. Magnesium hydration will help to get more clarity and improved brain function by supporting mitochondrial metabolism, vascular performance, electrical conductivity and nerve messaging.
Try Magnesium Mineral Drops for filtered drinking water. You can also add per litre an extra pinch of natural sodium salt, eg. Celtic, Himalayan pink salt (or similar), or sodium bicarbonate. if you have been perspiring a lot. People with high blood pressure may need to limit sodium more.
For a fast muscle relaxation effect a relaxing magnesium soak using Elektra Magnesium Flakes allows transdermal magnesium absorption, as well as helps the detox system to eliminate wastes via skin. You can also massage into muscles: Elektra Magnesium Cream, Elektra Magnesium Oil Spritz or Magnesium Charge Lotion.
Water rationing symptoms
When the body becomes dehydrated it moves to a water-conserving and rationing status, releasing vasopressin, a hormone which constricts blood vessels so that more water is shunted to the brain, as the brain must take priority with water usage. The muscles will have reduction in water supply before the brain, but eventually the brain also gets low, which is when dizziness and other nerve signalling dysfunctions can set in.
Another side effect of body water rationing is that the brain will message the kidneys to retain more sodium, which then retains more water in the extra cellular spaces to dilute metabolic waste accumulation. This leads to tissue swelling (oedema), usually in feet and ankles.
As toxins and wastes can accumulate in tissues over time, care needs to be taken to avoid more severe conditions like sepsis. The body’s detox system requires the balancing with water and electrolytes (including sufficient magnesium) to flush out wastes, regulate pH, and alleviate oxidative stress, thus allowing the kidneys and waste elimination system to resolve oedema, inflammatory conditions, and return to homeostasis (normal).
Magnesium is Essential for Bone Health in Elderly
Scientific studies show, “Positive associations between greater intakes of dietary magnesium and grip strength, indices of skeletal muscle mass, and BMD in men and women in middle and older age groups.” These studies suggest that magnesium supplementation may help with strategies to prevent sarcopenia, frailty, falls, and fractures.
The Extraordinary Power of Magnesium
(as printed in Nexus Magazine Apr-May 2018). Read why magnesium deficiency can lead to metabolic syndrome, sleep disturbance, anxiety, arrhythmia, cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, asthma and immune system dysfunction, muscle and bone problems and other magnesium deficiency symptoms.
Why is Transdermal Absorption Better?
Magnesium is now becoming a big revolution in natural health as industrialised societies suffer more and more under stress and are looking for ways to compensate without relying on drugs or surgery. Transdermal absorption of magnesium salts is the best way to absorb magnesium, as no digestion of tablets is required. It’s a naturally occurring food salt and not made in a lab.
Why are Magnesium Chloride Flakes The Best Type Of Magnesium
Chloride is the most abundant negative ion in the body. For us to be able to use the metals of magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium etc, they are bound to chloride to be ionised and fully absorbed into the water molecule as free ions - in a sense swallowed up by the water - and fully dissolved. In that form these electrolytes (eg. magnesium chloride, sodium chloride etc) are biologically available.
The 'cation' of magnesium in 'magnesium chloride' is bound up with chloride 'anions' so that the compound shares electrons in the outer shell to become a stable salt crystal. It is fully soluble in water, releasing free magnesium ions, which are therefore accessible to cells without the body needing to use digestion to break down and release the free ionic usable magnesium ions.
MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE SALT
the most abundant magnesium salt occurring naturally in the earth’s surface waters
What's The Difference?
A common commercial supplement used as a laxative is magnesium oxide, which has low solubility and is only about 4% bioavailable to cells, but it attracts a lot of water into the bowel. In this case most of the magnesium is expelled by the digestive system, rather than being absorbed across the gut wall to the interior of the body.
Magnesium chloride however, once dissolved in water, gets access to cells without further digestion required. Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate is a salt compound of magnesium chloride bound up in a crystal matrix of six water molecules - hence the name 'hexa-hydrate'.
Magnesium Chloride Is The Most Abundant Natural Magnesium Found in Surface Waters of the Earth
This is the form that occurs most abundantly in the earth’s surface waters, and is harvested by dehydration of salt water whereby the sodium part rises to the top and is skimmed off to make table salt, leaving a remainder of about 15% of brine called bischofite. This is then further dehydrated to make salt flakes, called magnesium chloride hexahydrate. The chemical notation is MgCl2.6H20. The crystal salt flakes are usually 47-48% pure magnesium chloride with 1-2% other sea trace minerals, and the other half of the flakes being trapped 6 sided crystalline water structures (the hexahydrate part).
This is why the flakes are so hygroscopic - that is, their 'charge' attracts water from the atmosphere and they can start to 'sweat' and become sticky if there are humid conditions and they are exposed to air. If left out long enough, they will become fully saturated with the atmospheric water and turn back into the liquid magnesium salt solution called 'magnesium oil' . Magnesium chloride hexahydrate in crystallised or in the more liquid form of magnesium oil, just contains less or more water in its different states.
Magnesium Tablets and Powders
When you take oral tablets and powders of various magnesium compounds (magnesium joined to another element), they have to be digested in the stomach using hydrochloric acid. The older we get the less stomach acid we make and the more difficult it gets to digest. All this takes a lot of extra time before you feel the benefit of just a little bit of magnesium. By the time it can get through the bowel wall several hours later it is a much smaller quantity that is available for cells than if you soaked in magnesium chloride solution (magnesium flakes in water) or applied it to the skin as a topical magnesium product (magnesium cream, lotion or oil).
SMALL REGULAR UPTAKE OF IONISED MAGNESIUM OVER LONGER TIME IS OPTIMAL: The gut wall (like a tree's roots) can only take up a small concentration of magnesium at one time.
Higher concentrations are eliminated by the digestive system. Scientists have found that in the gut, "the absorption of magnesium decreased with increasing magnesium concentrations." This is why high concentrations in oral supplements tend to be wasted so much.
When you take too high a concentration of oral magnesium the bowel contents become loose and watery, finding their way into the toilet well before you get the benefit of all that magnesium. However, via the skin there is no digestion required because the magnesium chloride solution is already in the right form for cellular uptake of free magnesium ions. You can feel the benefit of the magnesium much sooner and absorb a higher quantity when it is absorbed transdermally, bypassing the digestive system.
THE SKIN'S LARGER ABSORPTION CAPACITY: In this way the body takes what it needs from the skin reservoir, (but no more than what it can deal with at any one time) just like the tree roots take up minerals from the soil, but no more than the tree can deal with at any one time. It is a natural self-regulating system.
High quality food grade magnesium chloride can benefit your immune system, which can help you stay healthy against infections and inflammation. For those who struggle with sensitivity to other magnesium supplements and other magnesium oils, take our magnesium quiz to see which products will suit your skin type best
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